糧食儲存用臭氧熏蒸對昆（kūn）蟲和害蟲有用嗎
與貯存糧（liáng）食損失或由於生命體、蟲害、齧齒動物和（hé）真菌和昆（kūn）蟲的實際（jì）形狀而不是生物,如溫度或濕度,它通向全球損失超過80萬公噸的（de）糧食（shí）庫存。大多數時候，磷化鋁被用於熏（xūn）蒸，盡（jìn）管它可能是危險的。此外，昆蟲和害蟲已經對磷酸鹽產（chǎn）生了（le）耐（nài）藥（yào）性。其他熏蒸劑，如羰基硫化物、甲酸乙酯、氰化氫、甲基碘和丙烯氧（yǎng）化物，與磷酸鹽（yán）相比成本較高(Singh和Sharma, 2015年)。另一方（fāng）麵，幾項研究表明，臭氧在處理穀物（wù）方麵是有效的，其優點是，如果適當控製劑量和暴露時間，它不會影響穀（gǔ）物的（de）質量（liàng）。
臭（chòu）氧作為儲存產（chǎn）品中昆（kūn）蟲和害蟲（chóng）的替代熏蒸劑
臭氧已被成功地用作（zuò）儲存產品的很好熏蒸替代品（pǐn）。已經進行（háng）了幾項關於使用臭氧作為商業熏蒸劑的更環保替代品的研究。
下表總結了（le）臭氧熏蒸（zhēng）對選定穀物和昆蟲的濃度（dù）和暴（bào）露時間的影響。
| Target | Concentration/exposure time | Significant results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adults of Callosobruchus maculates and C. Chinensis L | 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 g/m3; 1, 3, 5 and 7 days | C. maculates – 100% at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/m3 for 7 days & C. Chinensis – 100% at all concentration | (Gad et al.2021) |
| Adult, larva, pupa, and eggs of Callosobruchus maculatus | 500-1500 ppm; Adults – 120 to 270 minutes; Larvae – 540 to 1110 minutes; Pupae – 480 to 1230 minutes; Eggs – 660 and 1500 minutes | Adult – 100% at 150, 180, 240, and 270 minutes; Larvae – 100 % at 540, 660, 870, 1110 minutes; Pupae- 480, 570, 690, 990, 1230 minutes; Egg- 660 minutes | (Ravi Pandiselvam et al. 2019) |
| Tribolium castaneum, Oryzaephilus surinamensis Sitophilus zeamais Sitophilus oryzae | 200 ppm; 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hour assessed for 5 days | 100% – Sitophilus spp, O. Surinamensis. 90% – T. castaneum | (Xinyi, Subramanyam, and Li 2017) |
| Rhyzopertha dominica adults | 40.42 and 0.84 g/m3; 0.42 g/m3 – 36 hours, 0.84 g/m3 – 30 hours for 5 days | 99% | (Subramanyam et al. 2017b) |
| Eupteryx Decemnotata | 120 and 595 ppm; 2 and 10 minutes | 120 ppm for 2 minutes- 33.88 to 71.90% 595 ppm for 10 minutes – 70.24 to 91.66% | (Kopacki et al. 2017) |
| Adult, larva, pupa, and eggs of Lasioderma serricorne (F) | 150, 250, 350, and 450 ppm; Larva- 609.37, 544.90, 496.64 and 187.20 minutes Pupae – 628.80, 581.64, 522.78, and 429.33 minutes Adult – 745.33, 610.18, 544.98, and 422.98 minutes | 99% | (Anandakumar, Shubhashini, et al. 2016) |
| Adult, larva, and pupa of Stegobium paniceum L. (Drugstore beetle) | 150, 250 and 350 ppm; Adult – 50.8, 24.08, and 18.46 hours Pupa – 10.95,7.93 and 6.42 hours Larva – 3.84, 12.08, 10.5, and 9.34 hours. | 100% – Adults and 99% – larva and pupa. | (Anandakumar, Singh, et al. 2016) |
| Ephestia castella– larva | 22 ppm; 24 hours | 100% | (Husain et al. 2015) |
| Adults of Oryzaephilus surinamensis L., larvae of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller | 2, 3 and 5 ppm; 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes | 100% at 5ppm for 90 minutes | (Sadeghi, Mirabi Moghaddam, and Taghizadeh 2017) |
Source (Boopathy et al. 2022)
臭氧作為（wéi）真（zhēn）菌和真菌毒素的替代品
小麥可以用臭氧處理，以降（jiàng）低真（zhēn）菌和真菌毒（dú）素的水平。Guiseppe等人在（zài）2020年提交了一份（fèn）表格，其中的研究表明，臭氧（yǎng）化是消除真菌毒素和為受汙染的農產品解毒的有效方法。大（dà）約有400種真菌毒素，其中30種被認（rèn）為對人類和動物有害。臭氧可以在許多食物/飼料和各種操作條（tiáo）件下降解很危險（xiǎn）的真菌毒素。
| Target | Concentration/exposure time | Food/Matrix | Significant results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFB1 | 20 and 40 g m−3 of gaseous O3 for 5, 10, 15, and 20 min | Wheat grains | Total reduction of AFB1 after 10, 15 and 20 min of exposure | Luo et al 2014 |
| AFB1 | 4 and 8 g m−3 of aqueous O3 for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h | Pistachio kernels | Reduction by 48, 13, 46, 44 and 44% after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h | Nooghi et al 2016 |
| AFB1, Aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and Aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) | 15, 30, 45, and 75 g m−3 of gaseous O3 for 60 min | Corn flour | Reduction of AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1 by 79, 71 and 72% at 75 g m−3 | Wang et al 2016 |
| DON | 10 m g−3 of gaseous O3 for 30 s | Wheat | Reduction by 94% | Venter et al 2014 |
| AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 | 8.5, 13.5, 20, 25, and 40 g m−3 of gaseous O3 for 20 min | Aflatoxins dissolved in water | Rapid elimination of AFB1 and AFG1 | Proctor et al 2014 |
| DON | 100 g m−3 of gaseous O3 for 1 h at 20% moisture | Wheat flour | Reduction by 78% | Kouchesfahani et al 2015 |
| Aflatoxins and DON | 60 g m−3 of gaseous O3 for 300 min | Wheat grains | Reduction of aflatoxins and DON by 64 and 48%, respectively | EPA 2016 |
| DON, HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2) and zearalenone (ZEA) | 20 g m−3 of gaseous O3 for 40 and 130 min | Wheat grains | Reduction of HT-2, T-2 and ZEN by 65, 62, and 59% after 40 min. Reduction of DON by 25% after 130 min | Li et al 2019 |
| ZEA and OTA | 100 g m−3 of gaseous O3 for 180 min | Corn | Reduction of ZEA and OTA by 91 and 71%, respectively | Dodd et al 2013 |
| DON | 80 g m−3 of aqueous O3 for 10 min | Contaminated Wheat, corn and bran | Reduction by 75, 71, and 76% in contaminated wheat, corn, and bran, respectively | Kouchesfahani et al 2015 |
| DON | 65 g m−3 of aqueous O3 for 60, 120, and 180 min at 10 and 25% of moisture | Wheat flour | Reduction by 70, 70, and 78% in wheat flour after 60, 120 and 180 min of exposure at 25% of moisture | Li et al 2015 |
| DON and DON-3-Glc | 40 g m−3 of gaseous O3 for 6 h | Wheat grains, semolina and pasta | Reduction of DON and DON-3-Glc by 29 and 44% | Alexandre et al 2017 |
| ZEN | 50 g m−3 of aqueous O3 for 90 min | Corn flour | Reduction by 95% | Sun et al 2016 |
Source (Guiseppe et al. 2020)
臭氧已經為食品工業的主要問題帶來了希望，如（rú）真菌毒素汙染和農藥殘留物。O3的一個特別好處是它能夠（gòu）抑製真（zhēn）菌（jun1）的生（shēng）長、孢子和（hé）發芽，而不會（huì）失去營（yíng）養或感官品質。必須確定食品和飼料的O3濃度（dù）、接觸（chù）時（shí）間和其他處理條件，以確保加工（gōng）的有效性和安全性。由於每一種O3應用都是獨一無二的，上麵顯示的濃度和接觸時間僅供參考。
標簽：臭氧熏蒸 糧（liáng）食儲存
半導體板式（shì）臭氧發生器 |
移動臭氧消毒機 |
壁掛式臭氧消毒機 |
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